Fascinating!
I'm also noticing that glxgears doesn't work, so this may not be a chromium issue after all. But the way glxgears is broken is slightly different: it always shows a black screen, regardless of what used to be under it.
https://forum.voidlinux.eu/t/hardware-acceleration-chromium/867
You can disable various features with graphics drivers such as 3D rendering or hardware acceleration. It is usually done via conf files, kernel module options or options added to the kernel command line, and could provide a workaround. Intel are quite good with computers I have observed which might also suggest the real problem is not in the kernel. Most of the graphics stack is outside it in xorg and various rendering libs.